Motivation in complex and multilevel learning environments

The development of human behaviour and acquisition is expected to be self-dependent and alone to the person. However, it is become impossible to disassociate this single acquisition procedure from the effects of the societal context, in which this acquisition takes topographic point or decimate the consequence of the instructor as the chief facilitator of this cognition building procedure. That the scholar will be successful in his modulating his enterprise is assumed and dependent on these immediate factors being able to stay changeless and supportive. Deci & A ; Ryan, while suggesting the theory of internalisation, argue that the more internally valued and regulated a behaviour is, the more it is expected as independent ( as cited, in Stefanou, Perencevich, DiCintio & A ; Turner, 2004 ) . The three human demands of competency, relatedness and liberty are identified as the critical facets of motive and hence optimum acquisition. This is echoed by Connell & A ; Wellborn and Skinner & A ; Belmont in showing their motive theoretical account as the degree of battle and a by-product of the above homo needs ( as cited in Veermans, 2010 ) . This battle is highly of import and its absence may be equated to miss of the largest individual ingredient to acquisition. This essay will give a reappraisal of some of the facets of regulation and prolonging acquisition and motive in larning environments. Learning procedure is a critical portion of human development and it is an activity to commence at quite an early age. The cognition acquired is indispensable and indispensable for pilotage through the societal environment. This cognition besides acts a footing for farther hereafter larning. Research has shown that, the kid ‘s head is non ‘tabula rasa ‘ and it is able to develop and heighten cognitive procedures that encompass linguistic communication, figure, facial acknowledgment and the immediate environment in which the kid finds itself ( Veermans, 2010 ) . The human memory plants in apparently simple, yet complex manner. The short term and long term memory exhibit how the human being understands stimuli and is able to enter them for future mention. The both finite and infinite functions of memory have a critical map and consequence at all phases of human development and acquisition. ( Veermans, 2010 ) Learning is a procedure that spans several degrees: what the instructor knows, the direction methods, the scholar reading and the scholars ‘ cognition scheme ( Veermans, 2010 ) . The effectual transportation of cognition from one degree to another is dependent on the systematic organisation of the content, the context and the care of good degree of involvement particularly on the portion of the scholars. The degree of larning results is dependent on the assorted degrees competencies of the portion of scholars. In consequence, similar stimulations can ensue in a multiplicity of reading and significance. The facet of liberty, as manifested in organisational, procedural and cognitive has serious deductions to the manner scholars of all degrees have partake in the acquisition procedure. This is chiefly because, larning is an independent procedure and scholars have to be self-determined, and possess the psychological demands of liberty, competency and relationship fulfilled in societal contexts ( Stefanou et al, 2004 ) The environment in which our scholars find themselves in at nowadays is characterized by a figure of challenges, many of which these scholars have no direct control over. Presence of motive, or its deficiency thereof, is an issue that scholars at all degrees have to cope with. Second, the larning context and environment is an of import factor in the success or failure in the success of the accomplishment of the acquisition aims. The environment can either support scholars in their pursuit of geting cognition, or it has a possibility of decimating their thrust to larn. Third, the instructors, the learning methodological analysis and pick of content are another set of factors that would necessitate to be addressed in order to advance a successful deep acquisition on the portion of the scholars.MotivationThe challenge for the current acquisition environments and the instructors is how to be receptive of their scholars ‘ varied motive degrees. Learners come into the schoolroom cont exts with different degrees of involvements and personal features. It is upon the instructors to hold a good apprehension of the single scholar and assist him/her to set to the schoolroom context and come to footings with the larning group. Since the acquisition group is non homogeneous in footings of their motive degrees, there is a possibility that some scholars will hold small or no involvement. On the other side of the continuum, there will be the group of scholars who will be excessively eager to larn. As a instructor, how do I promote more involvement to larn in these low motivated scholars? The presentation of the teaching-learning aims should be so merely clarified to them, so that the scholars find a relationship to the content at manus. In other words, there should be seen a relationship between the current learning stuff and the scholars ‘ stock of cognition ( entry behaviour ) and the future terminal calling ends. The current acquisition will be seen as a nexus and stepping-stone to the greater highs. Once the scholars set up a connexion, it becomes easier to use their problem-solving accomplishments to undertake the learning stuff. Equally, for those scholars who have adequate motive, the instructor has to assist make an environment that helps to modulate and prolong this motive till the terminal of the acquisition procedure. This is because, even great, extraordinary motive can be vulnerable to disappointment and disillusionment one time scholars fail to see the connexion between their yesteryear, nowadays and the hereafter larning enterprises.The Learning environmentThe acquisition environment is the basic substructure in which the whole acquisition procedure plays itself out. Therefore, this environment should be tailored to suit, support and sustain worthwhile relevant acquisition Sessionss. How can be tailored? Who is responsible for this structuring? It is fact larning starts off at an early age. In add-on, larning takes in many societal contexts, be it at school, place and other societal spheres. Lepola, Salonen, Varaus & A ; Poskiparta ( 2004 ) point out that grownups, parents and instructors have a alone duty of supplying an emotionally and intellectually stimulating context for kids, in fiting the scaffolding to learner ‘s competences and maximising the kids ‘s development. Apart from the place and society as a whole, the schoolroom remains the primary context in which larning through motive takes topographic point, with the purpose of geting and warranting thoughts, building significance and intentionally making independent critical thought ( Stefanou et al. , 2004 ) . It will be of import that this learning environment provides the right tools ( stuffs, undertakings, schemes ) and the conducive ambiance for the scholar to experience free to experiment and seek out assorted picks and possibilities. In add-on, the larning context should besides supply a distinct connexion between pupil motive, instructional patterns and larning results ( Stefanou et al. , 2004 ) . The proviso of such an environment is exciting to a well-motivated acquisition head and freedom to seek out fresh and originative options greatly helps in the acquisition procedure. Well-tailored, the environment is able to prolong higher acquisition and resolution of complex undertaking becomes such an tickle pinking experience to these motivated and good provided scholars thereof. Here, a inquiry arises. How does the scholars adapt, from differentiated socio-economic backgrounds, to an intellectually balanced schoolroom context?The Teaching Style and Communication StructuresThe instruction manner and the communicating constructions are critical to making this balance and advancing a fulfilling, worthwhile, womb-to-tomb acquisition. As cardinal participants in a acquisition procedure, there should be a strong communicating channel between the instructors and the scholars. Teachers should take the taking function in orchestrating this duologue, by understanding the scholars ‘ demands, respond to scholars ‘ inquiries and supply their ain position and feedback to the scholars. Perry & A ; VandeKamp ( 2000 ) stress the importance of feedback. This basically gives scholars an chance and willingness to rectify their errors and be able to place effectual acquisition schemes for covering with larning troubles and bring forthing meaningful results. On the other manus, a free and democratic leading manner has a strong consequence in rising scholars ‘ motive, engagement and completion of the acquisition undertakings ( Stefanou et al. , 2004 ) . Learners should be made to experience that they are in control of their acquisition experiences, and they are free to show their feelings, thoughts and inquiries. This freedom of pick will widen to the solutions that the scholars will research. Once these scholars feel they are recognized, and are free to take part, contribute and explore, this creates a good relationship to the nucleus of the acquisition procedure and are more motivated to larn. Therefore, the instructors will hold to use a myriad of instructional schemes in order to prolong the scholars ‘ response and heighten the scholars ‘ continual engagement in the acquisition procedure. From the above, we can reason that the schoolrooms contexts can either facilitate or thwart the scholars ‘ drift in the cognition acquisition procedure. Authoritarian leading, coupled with menaces, rigorous deadlines and other signifiers of rating and surveillance restrict and impede the scholars ‘ engagement and cognitive development. ( Stefanou et al. , 2004 ) . Teachers has multifaceted function of learning, rating and implementing the direction of the schoolroom. In many cases, instructors have the function of implementing assorted signifiers of liberties. Stefanou et Al. ( 2004 ) place the three signifiers of liberty that these teachers are expected to set into topographic point. These are organisational, procedural and cognitive. From the research, Stefanou et Al. ( 2004 ) individual out cognitive liberty as the most of import signifier of liberty that should be emphasized in order to maximise the larning potency of the scholars. In consequence, the learning methods should reflect a batch of cognitive liberty, whereby instructors are deputing more infinite and chance for scholars to research their possible to undertake, and work out acquisition challenges with small direct aid from the instructors. It is through this manner that focal point on the ends of the undertaking will be maintained, by the scholars ‘ themselves. Stefanou et Al. ( 2004 ) give a word of cautiousness that the overemphasis on organisational or procedural liberty may take to cognitive overload and consequence in less critical thought. The overloading is seen in the inclusion of excessively many not-so-necessary processs and regulations, and there is a danger of these regulations assisting to deflect the end of larning. Since the primary function of acquisition is cognitive development, so the instructors should avail the scholar with more chances for critical thought through the justification of their acquisition picks and autonomous, independent formation of relevant significance. There is demand for larning environments that provide a distinct connexion between pupil motive, instructional patterns and larning results.Inequalities in EducationMany times, the inequalities in educational contexts are an outgrowth of the societal, cultural and economic inequalities that are apparent within the larger society. Therefore, societal cognitive constructions are constructed in interaction and human behaviour is greatly influenced by the context in which the person is situated ( Mehan, 1998 ) . Cases of teaching-learning patterns cabaling with society to propagate the differences, as seen in some trials, experiments and larning schemes, proceed to curtail, and repress the guiltless larning single into the same stereotyping and want of liberty to take cognitive chances. There is great demand of doing schoolroom contexts socio-culturally impersonal and compatible to all single scholars who pass through them. It is up to the learning organic structure to accommodate their learning methodological analysis in accomplishing a larning context that serves the involvements of all its scholars and that minimizes the effects of the entry behaviour differences of its scholars. The general and specific larning ends can be good achieved when there is a better apprehension of the relationship between societal construction, civilization and interaction and assisting to minimise the struggles that might originate thereof ( Mehan, 1998 ) . Going from the individualised acquisition and encompassing collaborative nature of acquisition, among the scholars and instructors, is one of the ways cognitive development can maximise. In this emerging scenario, critical thought, rational debate and the consensual procedure between experts ( instructors ) and novitiates ( scholars ) should be promoted ( Mehan, 1998 ) . In resonance with this position is ‘scaffolding ‘ , which stands out an indispensable manner of regulation and back uping acquisition and motive. The zone of proximal development involves the expert-teacher utilizing his/her regulatory accomplishments in identifying and finding the novice-learners ‘ demands and efficaciously seting the support to fit the scholars ‘ competences ( Lepola, Salonen, Varaus & A ; Poskiparta, 2004 ) .

Operation Gomorrah Essay

â€Å"Operation Gomorrah† Ingram recalls her childhood experiences of war within her home city of Hamburg, Germany. The writing techniques and detailed descriptions within the autobiographical narrative reflect Ingram’s sensitive nature and the emotional link she has to her childhood because of this traumatic event. â€Å"I was eight years old and a respectful, obedient child. But one day in late July my mother asked me to do something and I disobeyed her, and I shall be forever glad that I did.†(Marione Ingram 123) Usually a boy who is only 8 years old should be naughty and mischievous. However, at the beginning of the story, the author tells us that he was thought to be a respectful, obedient child by others. The plot that Ingram does not want to sent his baby sister Renate to his cousin’s apartment (123) indicate that Ingram has his own thoughts, has his likes and dislikes. But he is so sensitive that he cares too much about what others think. He loves his mother, he does not willing to let her down. So, although he does not want to go outside from within, he tried (123). We can imagine that how much joy and pleasure of childhood he has lost to force himself to live up to this reputation to be respectful and obedient. This is too cruel to this little boy. But he was thrilled to be outdoors (123). At that moment, there must have been an intense internal conflict in his heart. On the one hand, he does not willing to destroy his reputation to be obedient as well as let his mother down, but on the other hand, he cannot manage to overcome his internal fears. After a struggle, he turned back and then began to hurry to home (123). When he thought back to the whole story, he found that if he had followed his mother’s direction to carry his baby sister to his cousin’s apartment and he himself stayed there, he would not have experienced the great disaster: the Operation Gomorrah. For the obedient child, he regrets for his whole life for that only one resist. His sensitive makes him a person who always thinks too much. That he always considers the feelings of others, regrets the past and be worried about the future makes him a shilly-shally and inner-turmoiled person. Ingram states â€Å"I pulled mother away from the stove, tugging first one limp arm and then the other. I managed to get her head and a shoulder into the  dining room†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (124) â€Å"I was sitting on the floor with her head in my lap, trying to think what to do, when coming from the bottom of the stairwell where I’d left the pram I could hear the faint sounds of my baby sister’s whimpering†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (124) â€Å"There were no air raids to disturb us, though I woke up often to see if she was still unconscious†¦ † (125). When his mother was ill, the 8-year-old lithe boy took the responsibility of taking care of his mother and his baby sister. His behavior described in this part gave me the feeling of unreal. He took care of his mother and baby sister so carefully that he can even hear the faint sounds of his baby sister’s whimpering from the bottom of the stairwell. He was worried about his mother and baby sister and tomorrow’s l ife, so he woke up often during that night. It is totally not like a little boy’s behavior. All of these plots indicate that Ingram has subtle nerves. He is sensitive to environment. â€Å"I looked at mother and I understood† (Marione Ingram 125). What did this little boy understand from two adults’ conversation? At first reading I do not understand what he got. But then I understood that Inge was reluctant to help them during that desperate situation. From Inge’s talk, emotion and action, he and his mother understood the key point. He is so smart and sensitive to things. His sensitivity inspires his thinking. He is good at observation and analysis. I have to admire the little boy’s understanding. But the little boy did not show any unhappiness or lose his temper about his cousin’s attitude. He was so quiet just keep his thought in his mind. As for the disaster, Marion Ingram used abundant detail description to show the chaos scene. He describes his former playmate like this â€Å"She was holding her favorite doll, holding it tight and turning slightly away as if she feared I might try to snatch it from her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (127). The description showed a girl’s behavior in desperate situation vividly. There are also many environmental descriptions during the bombing. â€Å"A false dawn lit the southeastern sky, rouging mother’s cheeks and painting the walls of buildings on our side of the street a lurid red†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (128). At one point between life and death, Ingram still have one part of his heart concerning his mothers’ emotion and remember forever. When he was in his mother’s arm, he was observing how other people trying to survive. â€Å"Then a woman carrying  an infant came running down the street along the same route we had taken. She was followed by a young man dressed in the khaki shorts and shirt of a Hitler Youth. I thought they must be fleeting from a bomb shelter that had been damaged, possibly the one mother had been heading for when we first left our apartment building†¦ † (131). There are abundant psychological and action descriptions. â€Å"I thought they must be fleeting from a bomb shelter that had been damaged†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (131). â€Å"I thought his difficulty might be the hot wind roaring down the avenue in front of us and almost expected to see him lifted up as he ran†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (131). â€Å"I thought I could hear their screams and ducked down into the crater with my eyes closed and my hands oter my ears.† (131). â€Å"When it seemed that I was about to suffocate, I pulled the blanket away and stuck up my head†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (131-132). â€Å"When I closed my eyes it felt as if we were lying between railroad tracks while an endless train rumbled over us so swiftly†¦Ã¢â ‚¬  (132). All these descriptions are so fine, specific and smooth that almost give us a movie picture. Sensitive and delicate as he is, he is able to remember every single detail, every change in emotion, every piece of his thought. In conclusion, Marione Ingram concludes abundant detail descriptions in this essay that even gave readers the feeling that this story is not his own story. In this way, the author shaped a sensitive character from different point of view. And because of his sensitive nature, he is also a shilly-shally person who always suffers intense inner struggle, he is a good thinker and observer which made him a good writer, he is a very kind person who would consider for others at every minutes.

Environmental degradation

IntroductionSince the 1970 ‘s, environmental debasement has brought grave concerns to the bow with respect to the Amazon Rainforest ( Amazonia ) . The international community – peculiarly the United States – has stanchly advocated for planetary direction of Amazonia as a agency of efficaciously continuing this critical resource. The cardinal belief impeling this place is the sentiment that Amazonian states are steadily eliminating portion of the universe ‘s last leftover tropical wood through deforestation and hapless forestry direction policies. In visible radiation of the turning importance attached to environmental issues on the international phase, the Brazilian Federal Government ‘s chase of development has been deemed uncompromisingly aggressive. The international community contends that this is adversely impacting world. Brazil, nevertheless, is non pleased with this stance. Through its security and foreign policy, the Federal Republic of Brazil under the helm of President Luiz Inacio Lula district attorney Silva has endeavoured to asseverate sovereignty over the Amazon Rainforest located within its boundary lines in response to the possible ‘internationalisation of Amazonia. ‘ This essay will analyze the nature of internationalization, see other cases where the construct has been deliberated upon or applied and analyse the argument environing the internationalization of Amazonia. In bend, this essay will detail how the menace of internationalization has affected policy-making of President Lula, with specific focal point on security, development and environmental policies.Internationalization Of AmazoniaImportance Of AmazoniaAmazonia is the term used to depict the belt of the Amazon Rainforest located in South America. At present, it is situated within the districts of 9 states and Brazil has about 60 % of the Amazon within its boundary lines. This country is known as the Legal Amazon. Over the old ages, the part has assumed tremendous international and regional importance. In footings of biodiversity, Amazonia constitutes the largest aggregation of vegetations and zoologies in the universe. Cultivation of the land is non merely cardinal to the supports of the locals, but the Amazon Rainforest is a huge modesty of natural resources that includes familial stuff, stuffs that are cardinal ingredients for pharmaceuticals and lumber. It besides plays a critical function in modulating planetary clime forms, gaining the rubric of the â€Å"lungs of the earth† due to its map of cut downing planetary heating. Deforestation in Amazonia has been a pressing concern in recent times, as wood glade has meant there is less flora to absorb C emanations. Therefore, the protection of the Amazon Rainforest has been determined as an pressing concern on an international degree.Two Sides Of The ArgumentThe current contention over Amazonia bends on two points: the struggle between development and to what degree the ‘internationalisation of Amazonia ‘ would interfere with Brazil ‘s right to sovereignty. Both the international community and Brazil have strong statements doing the issue a complicated one to decide.The Case For International ManagementIntense development of the Legal Amazon has resulted in damaging environmental effects such as the decreasing quality of fresh H2O and air and rapid glade of flor a. Subsequently, this has had societal reverberations such as nutrient insecurity. The international community – comprised of States and NGOs – argues that to disregard such important alterations would be negligent and hence the universe has an involvement in continuing the Amazon Rainforest. As of late, States have exerted force per unit area on the World Bank to decline payment to Brazil if it fails to assent to international preservation norms. Furthermore, the international community contends that as the Amazon Rainforest is shared by 9 States, it becomes more than a mere domestic presence. Coordination of preservation and sustainable development attempts would be cumbrous if Amazonia were viewed as fragments dealt with strictly by internal policy. Rather, it should be viewed as a whole for the intents of direction and hence an international organic structure may be better suited to this function. Ecological jobs, it has been alleged, surpass traditional constructs of State sovereignty.AntarcticaACEHThe Case Against The ‘Internationalisation Of Amazonia ‘The Brazilian authorities has regarded the chance of international direction of The Legal Amazon as illicit intervention into Brazil ‘s national procedure. The chorus of â€Å"Amazonia is ours† is a common in Brazilian circles. Brazil has besides deemed the surcease of fiscal assistance from the World Bank as conscienceless, as it coerces the development of Brazil to be shaped by external histrions. Brazil claims that industrialized states are furthering a dual criterion, by obliging developing states to continue their staying natural resources even though environmental concerns were non a factor of their ain growing. An interesting statement raised by Brazil is the fact that other ecosystems under Brazilian control – such as the Atlantic Rainforest – are mostly being ignored by the international community, despite the fact that they have been about wholly destroyed. Oppositions of internationalization have proposed that this may be because such countries do non hold the same degree of natural wealth. This alludes to the impression that Brazil is besides profoundly leery that the preservation dimension is merely a camouflage for other states to work the Amazon Rainforest ‘s enormous resources and utilize it for their ain involvements. There has been controversy over the function of NGOs in the part as it has been continually suggested that NGOs were simply cloaked instruments of states of Northern Hemisphere trying to besiege the sovereignty of Brazil â€Å"without damaging international rights.†DarfurPolicy-Making In The Lula AdministrationEqually far as the portion of the Amazon Rainforest that is located within Brazil ‘s boundary lines is concerned, Brazil asserts that the international community is non justified in their stance that an international organic structure will better pull off the Amazon Rainforest. Brazil has perceived this planetary preservation attempt as an indirect effort to besiege its sovereignty over Amazonia. Consequently, the alleged menace of the ‘internationalisation of Amazonia ‘ coupled with international force per unit area has shaped Brazilian security and foreign policy.Security PolicyLula received a considerable sum of resistance from the military sector and conservative cabals of Brazilian society whilst runing for election. In malice of this, Lula has acknowledged that military presence in the Legal Amazon is a seminal facet of Brazil ‘s defense mechanism and security. He has displaced the outlook that he would scale down military plans and alternatively, has harnessed the armed forces ‘s support of development to foster his overall scheme of economic, societal and regional growing. International appraisal of the Amazon Rainforest has influenced the coevals of Brazilian security policy. Lula, like old presidents, has endorsed the ‘militarisation of the Amazonian frontier. ‘ The armed forces ‘s aim in the Legal Amazon is to protect the part from illegal logging, deforestation and drug trafficking. However, another accessory motivation for the armed forces is to reaffirm Brazil ‘s territorial unity over Amazonia.Military ‘s Historical Role In AmazoniaHistorically, the armed forces ‘s function in Amazonia has been important and consecutive Brazilian authoritiess have utilised the military to react to external intervention. In 1964, the so military government felt it was imperative to protect the Legal Amazon from external conquering by states who were presumed to ‘covet the part and its putative wealths ‘ The principle behind this was that though Brazil had acquired sovereignty over a great trade of the Amazon basin t hrough diplomatic negotiations, the country could ne'er be ‘Brazilian ‘ unless wholly secured. The Sarney disposal devised the Calha Norte ( Northern Trough Project ) which entailed increased military presence in the Legal Amazon, spawned out of fright of a possible invasion. Likewise, the Cardoso government constructed the National Defense Policy in 1996 which stipulated that the Legal Amazon was of strategic precedency to Brazil. It is besides interesting to observe that during the Forest Fire Crisis in Roraima – a province of the Legal Amazon – Brazilian governments rebuffed foreign aid. This reaction is declarative that aid may hold been regarded â€Å"as external forces trying to claim international control over Amazonia.† In his term, Lula has reinstated Calha Norte and besides embraced Cardoso ‘s National Defense Policy by edict in 2005. To supplement this, in 2008 he adopted the Strategic Defense Plan which ensured that the sum of military forces in the Legal Amazon would lift from 17,000 to 30,000 over the following decennary. This undertaking is a agency of modernizing the military to reflect Brazil ‘s emerging function in the international domain. Lula ‘s current Amazonian scheme is twofold: protecting the vulnerable Legal Amazon by garrisoning the frontier with military colonies and using the Amazon Vigilence System better known as SIVAM. Lula is a ferocious advocate of SIVAM which became operational during his first term. The $ 1.4 billion radio detection and ranging and surveillance system commandeered by the Brazilian air force, complemented with SIPAM ( the Amazon Protection System ) allows for strategic responses to menaces and leery activity without physical military presence. Even through the lens of democracy, Lula has demonstrated that the armed forces still has a cardinal function to play in asseverating Brazil ‘s sovereignty over Amazonia. This stance is implicative of Brazil ‘s position that the Legal Amazon should non be managed by an international organic structure.Human SecurityOf class, impressions of security do non simply encompass traditional military constructs. The construct of human security besides suggests that the range of security should be widened to include developmental and environmental security, with peculiar focal point on the public assistance of the person as opposed to the province. Therefore, viewed from this vantage point, Brazil ‘s development and environmental policies have besides been shaped by the internationalization argument.Development PolicyEconomic StabilityBrazil ‘s current foreign policy is directed to a great extent towards guaranting that Brazil does non roll from its way as an emerging w orld power on the regional and planetary phase. Brazil ‘s stableness during the recent planetary fiscal recession proves that it is flexing its regional musculus and steadily turning in international importance. Development of the Amazon has been a cardinal characteristic of old Brazilian disposals, stemming from the intense period of enlargement with Operation Amazonia in 1966, wherein roads were built, foreign investing was encouraged and colony of the Legal Amazon with agricultural settlements was promoted. The thought behind this was that if the country was cultivated and occupied, the chance of international intercession would ebb. Development was besides of import in footings of set uping regional connexions: states sharing the Amazon basin became more incorporate through commercialism and grapevines. Lula ‘s association with the Worker ‘s Party has influenced his primary end of societal and economic development. Under Lula ‘s regulation, the Brazilian authorities has been successful in the variegation of the state ‘s already powerful industrial sector. Consequently, his accent on the development of the Legal Amazon arises from a desire to enable Brazil ‘s acclivity in the international domain, as the Amazon Rainforest has an copiousness of natural resources. Therefore, procuring Brazil ‘s claim over the Legal Amazon has greatly coloured development policies.Sustainable DevelopmentThe state ‘s continued economic development requires more growing and in bend, more demand for energy which has raised environmental concerns. Government rhetoric affirms that this is ineluctable in order to gain Brazil ‘s economic system to its full potency. At present, much of the Legal Amazon is still in despairing demand of farther substructure and soci etal development and the Brazilian authorities has stated that if Amazonia is non developed it can non prolong a billowy population and spread out its art in the international market. Further, impressions of preservation do non register on the spectrum of believing for dwellers of the Legal Amazon, as many live in poorness. The internationalization argument, nevertheless, has coerced Brazil to switch from theories of pure neo-liberalism and add thoughts of sustainable development to the ‘Brazilian vocabulary. ‘ During his run for presidential term, Lula promised to highlight environmental and societal issues whilst guaranting the conservative cabal of Brazilian society that he planned to continue with the old authorities ‘s neo-liberal economic policies. He readily supported sustainable development in Amazonia as it encouraged the possibility of length of service in footings of production, lasting economic growing and besides demonstrated that Brazil had administrative capacity over the Legal Amazon. Lula set in gesture the Sustainable Amazon Plan, avering that 70-80 % of the wood could potentially be preserved in concurrence with economic development. The Brazilian Fire Control Program for Amazonia has countenances on combustion during the extremum dry season and IBAMA – the Brazilian Environmental Protection Agency – has the capacity to impose mulcts and enforce tutelary sentences for illegal deforestation and logging and combustion. Deforestation licenses have besides been revoked from landowners who exceed the 20 % deforestation bound on their belongings. However, the effectivity of sustainable development ventures in Brazil has been called into inquiry as there is turning bitterness that the Avanca Brasil ( Brasil Advances ) program shows Lula ‘s prejudice for socialized development, allowing the building of roads and development undertakings which are at odds with preservation undertakings. And though Brazil is a cardinal figure in ACTO ( the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization ) which calls for sustainable development within the Amazonian states but respects the sovereignty of these states, critics argue that the pact has been mostly uneffective in their strategic program. Despite Lula ‘s steadfast place on developing the Legal Amazon, it is clear that the internationalization argument has influenced Brazil to chair its development policies from purely traditional economy-building to promoting the execution of sustainable development, which now occupies a cardinal strategic place in Brazilian foreign policy.Environmental PolicyLula ‘s predecessors have been willing to see the environmental concerns raised by the international community. President Cardoso, for case, hosted the United Nations Conference on the Environment in 1992. The Lula disposal has besides continued to factor the environment as a pillar of policy-making and prides itself on being the â€Å"greenest† Brazilian authorities, with many new policies aimed at sustainability. The internationalization argument has impelled Brazil to measure its internal preservation policies and the function the state has to play on the planetary phase. The Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Itamaraty, affirms that the environment is a cardinal strategic line of Brazilian foreign policy. The Lula disposal is far more cognizant of Brazil ‘s duties in footings of honoring international environmental criterions with respect to preservation, deforestation and clime alteration. However, these environmental policies have systematically been framed from the point of view of supporting domestic sovereignty over the Legal Amazon.ConservationWhile it is of import for Brazil to develop Amazonia, it still has considerable involvement in conserving the part. This is non merely to guarantee economic and environmental length of service but many loans from international establishments, such as the World Bank, and developed states favour enterprises and undertakings that promote preservation and/or sustainability. Lula ‘s election into office heralded the potency for Brazil to switch from neo-liberalism and impel itself more persistently towards preservation attempts. During his presidential term, Lula has reformed the Forestry Code of 1934 and continued to run the Nossa Natureza ( Our Nature ) plan instituted by President Sarney: a $ 100 million undertaking designed to set about forest protection through an instruction procedure. The Public Forest Management Law besides provides that corporations are entitled to 3 % of the Amazon Rainforest if they engage in sustainable development. The intense examination of the Amazon Rainforest has encouraged the Brazilian authorities to beat up support for preservation undertakings: the Lula disposal has argued that the cost of continuing Amazonia is a load that should be borne by all stakeholders. However, Lula has been speedy to clear up that this protection should non be achieved by the international community administrating the part. Furthermore, at the launch of the Amazon Protection Fund in August 2008 – an aid-based plan premised on accumulating $ 21 billion worth of contributions over a period of 13 old ages – Roberto Mangabeira Unger, Brazil ‘s Minister for Strategic Affairs stated that: â€Å"The fund is a vehicle by which foreign authoritiess can assist back up our enterprises without exercising any influence over our national policy. We are non traveling to merchandise sovereignty for money. † Despite being antiphonal to preservation unfavorable judgments, Lula has been accused of moving in a reactionist, instead than proactive, mode. This stance of following environmental policies tailored in response to mounting international force per unit area over deforestation rates and crises has been deemed a defect of the current disposal. For case, in 2003 Lula ordered the formation of a figure of preservation countries in the Legal Amazon subsequent to the slayings of outstanding conservationists and environmentalists in the part. Although Lula regularly appoints renowned environmental militants to the environmental stations, two have resigned in dramatic manner. Mary Allegretti, the Secretary of Coordination of the Amazonas in Ministry of Environment, resigned after happening that: â€Å"On the deliverance of the Amazon, the authorities is clearly still of two minds.† And Marina Silva, former Environmental Minister, left her place in 2008 after Lula made remarks kicking about the backbreaking procedure involved in obtaining environmental licenses for development undertakings: â€Å"Brazil ‘s economic development is being held up for the interest of a few fish.† These fortunes seem to bespeak that while preservation is on the docket for Brazil, at present the end of development is favoured over it.DeforestationThe chase of developing Brazil ‘s economic system has entailed mass deforestation at an dismaying rate. However, Brazil has taken great paces in trying to turn to the environmental effects of deforestation. In 2008, Lula announced a program to cut down the rate of deforestation by 50 % by 2017, although this has been branded as vague, as the mechanisms for enforcement are ill-defined. In March 2010, Brazil and the United States signed a Memorandum of Understanding in which both states would work jointly to cut down deforestation in a command to control clime alteration. This move is important, as it demonstrates chumminesss between two states that have historically been at dunces over how to diminish deforestation. Slash-and-burn systems involve uncluttering big countries of wood for agricultural intents and has lay waste toing effects on the dirt of rain forests which basically changes the nature of the rainforest ecosystem. Brazil ‘s National Policy on Forests has been reformed to deter and punish slash-and-burn techniques. The antecedently mentioned SIVAM besides operates on an environmental degree, as its scrutiny of Amazonian topography is informative in measuring which countries are appropriate to be designated for eco-zoning and besides detects illegal logging and deforestation. Many critics, nevertheless, suggest that SIVAM ‘s primary military docket will dominate any other intent unless farther support is given to scientific research. Lula has besides established the National System for Nature Conservation Units, which protects about 37 % of the Legal Amazon and has created the Protected Areas Fund. Lula has managed to demo significant consequences in controling deforestation: from July 2008-August 2009 the Brazilian authorities was able to expose a 45 % bead in the deforestation rate from the old twelvemonth. However, despite this diminution, deforestation in Brazil is now reportedly on the addition. Brazil has Torahs against deforestation but they are hard to implement, peculiarly in rural countries with small to no ministerial presence. Furthermore, much of Amazonia is still freely available under Brazilian jurisprudence, which does non present much inducement for land-users to cultivate the part sustainably. IBAMA – Brazil ‘s Environment Protection Agency – is allegedly full with corruptness, awfully underfunded and does non hold adequate resources at its disposal. Merely 6.5 % of the mulcts imposed for illegal deforestation are really collected and about 80 % of the logging in Amazonia is illegal. It is clear that the internationalization argument has contributed to the execution of forestry ordinance within Brazil. However, it is arguable whether or non the theoretical precautions in topographic point are realised to their full consequence in pattern.Climate ChangeBrazil has been instrumental in clime alteration dialogues in planetary forums, such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It is a cardinal participant in dialogues as it is responsible for 3 % of planetary emanations due to deforestation. One relevant menace from clime alteration is desertification, which may transform Amazonia from a exuberant part rich with natural resources, to a drought-stricken barren. Brazil is progressively interested in avoiding displacements in the environment that will render the Amazon Basin unsustainable. Brazil has a National Plan on Climate Change which premises sustainable development and a staggered decrease of nursery gas emanations. Furthermore, Brazil ‘s involvement in clime alteration dialogues is to seek an understanding that will non impede its development. So far, Brazil has benefited from the dialogue procedure as it has remained mostly focused on energy emanations, and the bulk of Brazil ‘s emanations are emitted from the forestry sector. The Lula disposal has seen clime alteration dialogues as chance to make partnerships that will affect the transportation of engineerings between developed and developing states. The Brazilian authorities is besides timeserving, in that it uses climate alteration dialogues as a platform to show its way towards economic growing and societal development, leading amongst developing states and its emerging function in the South America part and in the international domain. Indirectly, Lula has used international forums on clime alteration to showcase to the universe that Brazil is steadfastly in control of issues that affect Amazonia.DecisionThe state of affairs in the Legal Amazon has been described as President Lula ‘s concluding great confrontation whilst in office and an scrutiny of his security, development and environmental policies demonstrates that the part has been a important component of his expansive scheme. Although the Brazilian Federal Government has tailored much of its recent security and foreign policy to integrate more preservation and sustainable development schemes, the effectivity of these has frequently been called into inquiry. In order to guarantee long-run advancement and fulfill the international community ‘s environmental scruples, Brazil must endeavor to equilibrate the development of its economic system and affairs of preservation. Faced with the chance of the ‘internationalisation of Amazonia ‘ a sequence of Brazilian governments has exhibited an purpose of protecting against the invasion of Brazilian sovereignty over the Legal Amazon. Even with a displacement in leading later this twelvemonth with the approaching elections, it is extremely likely that this stance will predominate and that Amazonia will busy a cardinal function in geopolitics for Brazil as it is non merely significantly rich in natural resources which is important to development, but besides subsists as a strong symbol of patriotism. Alexander Lopez, ‘Environmental Change, Security and Social Conflicts in the Brazilian Amazon ‘ ( 1999 ) 5 Environmental Change & A ; Security Project Report 26, 27. Naval College article hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7538480.stm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.maryallegretti.blogspot.com/2006/04/como-era-verde-o-meu-vale.html Naval college article Environmental Degradation What Is Environmental Degradation? Environmental degradation is a result of socio-economical, technological and institutional activities. Degradation occurs when Earth's natural resources are depleted. These resources which are affected include: †¢Water †¢Air †¢Soil The degradation also impacts our: †¢Wildlife †¢Plants †¢Animals †¢Micro-organisms How Environmental Degradation Occurs Environmental changes are based on many factors including: †¢Urbanization †¢Population growth †¢Economic growth †¢Intensification of agriculture †¢Increase in energy use †¢Increase in transportationOur land, water and soil are compromised when people exhaust resources or release harmful chemicals into the air. Deforestation, wasting resources, and pollution all add to the demise of an environmentally-sound and safe planet. For example, when trees in forests are cut down in large quantities, so that more homes can be built on the land, the bi rds and wildlife who lived in the forest must find a new place to live. The vegetation that once grew on the land is destroyed. Trees that absorbed carbon dioxide to help the biosphere are now unable to do so.If the wood from the trees is used to make products and those products (such as paper) are later recycled, that is one hopeful aspect for the planet. However, some times trees are just cut down and burned. This is what is known as slash and burn, a practice that only destroys forests and all that live in them. Unfortunate Impacts of Environmental Degradation When factories produce harmful chemicals and toxic waste into bodies of water, humans suffer. Pesticides and fertilizers can also get into a region's water system and pollute it. Drinking water is contaminated.Some residing in third-world countries are highly effected by the degradation of our planet and these unhealthy practices cause the following: †¢Illnesses †¢Death in children †¢Death in adults Poverty I n many countries in Africa, crop harvests are falling as consumption increases. People are finding less nutritious food to eat. One argument held is that while fields in wealthier nations are used to grow crops for biofuel, poorer countries, especially those around the Equator, are vulnerable to weather changes, water shortages, and urbanization. All of these factors are increasing the health and lives of thousands.Some scientists and environmentalists are asking that non-food items and agriculture waste be used as alternative fuel for vehicles instead. Losing Earth's Beauty As humans dump waste products, use chemicals, and over fish in the oceans and seas, areas of beauty such as coral reefs are damaged. At times the destruction is so great that is cannot be reversed. We are killing our planet and the consequences are tremendous. One example of this lies within the coast lands of Thailand. Here marine and coastal resources at risk. Vast areas of mangrove wetlands have been lost.Cor al reefs continue to suffer degradation, and the total fish available for catching is declining. Not only is the degradation causing marine and coastal resources to be lost, but this issue holds large economic problems. When there are not enough fish to catch, fishermen are without income to support themselves and their families. In some coastal towns, the shores are eroding at a rate of one to five meters per year. This results in an annual loss of more than six billion baht ($150 million) in economic terms. How to Stop Degradation There are ways which you can help to decrease degradation in our environment.Some of these include: †¢Purchase recycled products †¢Conserve water †¢Do not litter or toss waste into inappropriate places †¢Conserve energy †¢Join an awareness group †¢Talk with others about the impacts of environmental degradation †¢Be an advocate to save our planet! Conclusion: The impact of environmental disasters can be devastating on th e social, economic, and environmental systems of a country or region as well as the global ecosystem. Environmental disasters do not recognise man-made borders, and threaten the legacy left to future generations of a clean and supportive environment.Because of the interdependency of earth ecosystems international co-operation is paramount to prevent, and when disaster strikes, respond to relieve quickly and effectively the effects of environmental disasters. Thus, Governments, International organizations and communities must work together – at all levels – to lessen the risks associated with environmental degradation and its contributing factors, such as climate change, and ensure that vulnerable people are prepared to survive and adapt. At the same time, companies, organizations and individuals must also ensure that their work is environmentally friendly and sustainable.

Carillon Tower Design and Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carillon Tower Design and Construction - Essay Example A client may select a specific site for a tower, or look for the advice of the architect. The architect carries out a complete site analysis before beginning any design. The architect illustrates and documents the topography, climatic conditions, traffic and roadways, landscape features, existing buildings, solar orientation, and pedestrian access in different plan views of the site. This site data is studied carefully alongside the objectives of the project in order to determine the best orientation and location of the tower (Sutt et al. 2013). ii. Appropriate listening area isolated from noise and traffic, accessibility, quality of views and landscape, ample distance from tower as a function of tower height, accessibility of seating, and other amenities that boost the listening experience. iii. Impact on neighboring community- (Negative: potential â€Å"nuisance† element of unrestrained sound, positive: a source of community pride and symbolism.). Through site examination, the architect may notice that a present tower has some faults with regard to siting or an area preferred by the client is not the best site for the tower. The architect is obliged to advice the client accordingly in this regard. Before arriving at a final decision, all parties must comprehend the pros and cons of prospective sites. The actual design of the tower can begin once a site is agreed on and the framework for the tower is identified (Sutt et al. 2013). During past years, many towers were made of masonry construction-brick or stone walls often with brick for most of the wall thickness and stone on the outside. These types of towers effectively resisted both axial and lateral loads because of their sheer mass. The introduction of reinforced concrete technology in the last century enabled the construction of beam frames and rigid concrete

Ethical Issues in nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical Issues in nursing - Essay Example The level to which the DNP nurses meet the moral act of social responsibility is similarly the level to which this feature of the DNP will be moral or not. One significant ethical issue is justice as fairness. This moral principle of fairness means giving individuals what they are owed or due. Concerning the DNP and this moral principle of justice as fairness, issues relating to this arise when there is prejudicial dissemination of limited resources. The second one is do no harm. This moral principle comprises of protecting individuals from harm, offering benefits for them, and not harming them. Issues occur when there is lack of sufficient data to merit the DNP programs (Peirce & Smith, 2008). Task 2 The issue of justice as fairness can be compared to the act of prioritizing one patient over another. This is when nurses tend to select specific patients based on the simplicity of their cases or how they are related to the patient. Secondly, the do no harm issue can be compared to the issues of not offering good services to the patients and not caring about how they are getting on with medication. This shows the nurse lacks passion in what he or she is doing, and this may harm the patient as he or she may feel neglected (Ulrich et al., 2010). This norm is foundational to how the nurses have to act and think when endorsing important alterations in nursing like the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) that has an impact not only to the nurses but also to the larger society.

Views of Three Greats Authors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Views of Three Greats Authors - Essay Example Could this law be violated if the United States officials discharging their official duties abroad pay some money in support of any religion? The author of this article feels that if such activities are carried outside the United States then the constitution has not been undermined. However, he noted that the policymakers should caution the diplomats from mixing diplomacy and the religion (Los Angeles Times, 2009). Notably, the faith initiatives based on foreign relation emerged to question the numerous USAID expenditures that were executed by Bush administration that including $325,000 was used in rehabilitating four mosques in Iraq, Fallujah, the site of major United States 2004 military operations (Los Angeles Times, 2009). Furthermore, the use of instructional materials that included bible references in anti-AIDS programs especially in Africa were they were used to encourage sexual abstinence demanded answers. Though the actions were not right according to the author of this arti cle, some United States agencies insisted that the rehabilitation of the mosque in Iraq was part of the reconstruction of war scar as per the Iraq constitution. The case of the religious references particularly the pro-abstinence materials the united states claimed to have stopped to be â€Å"religiously infused† programs after the Department of Justice had expressed legal qualms. According to the author, the responses to these concerns make the public uncertain whether the wall of separation between the state and the church had long gone (Los Angeles Times, 2009). Therefore, such practices suggest that both practical and constitutional considerations do not exist. On the contrary, according to the article, the government officials cannot be held to task over their boarder religion interactions since the United States’ Supreme Court has never ruled an amendment that established a clause baring the diplomats from indulging into religion activities outside the United Sta tes’ boarders (Los Angeles Times, 2009). In 1991, the federal court of appeal did not conclude but gave some exceptions that if the government has a compelling reason to give aid to a religious institution, it can do so. According to the author, it is a blessing to united states that it has a constitution that prohibits the establishment of religion that the supreme court has clarified as not only creating a state church but also the state subsidizing for any religion within the united states (Los Angeles Times, 2009). He further argues that the foreign policy should allow Washington to assist and provide aids to the religious institutions in foreign countries especially those that are in dire need if the same. Most of the activities that the state assists these churches are more sensible just like state relationship with some of the religious leaders (Los Angeles Times, 2009). However, it would be unwise if Washington would use such aids to source dire tensions within some I slamic countries. Subsequently, diplomacy cannot be conducted behind Jeffersion’s wall in the world that religion is inseparable from politics. â€Å"Dell Theory of Conflict Prevention† This theory is developed and forwarded by Thomas Friedman in the book The World Is Flat. The theory stipulates thatâ€Å"No two countries that are both part of a major global supply chain like Dell’s, will ever fight a war against each other as long as they are both part of the same global supply chai

Phase 4 Discussion Board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Phase 4 Discussion Board - Assignment Example However, competitive ideas in automation will require innovative ideas, expert workforce, and structural capabilities. This means that automation will merge business activities and process will no longer be isolated. Automation was necessary for our company since it helps in speeding up the process; in essence, it develops processes that are simple, mitigate inefficiencies, and overlap workloads. The greater visibility will enable managers in diagnosing problems; prevent time-consuming process, and increasing efficiency (Sveiby, 2007). Statistics shows that businesses spent 70% of their time in planning and developing rules and processes. Arguably, this amounts to a lot of time that should be used by businesses in production process; therefore, business automation will help in allocating tasks, planning, and reducing time spent in production scheduling. In other words, production automation helps n making historical comparisons, predicting future trends, and analyzing business process (John, 2010). Process failures are attributable to unexpected events; hence, automation will enable businesses in increasing reliability. John (2010) state that automation is essential for our company since it enables quantification of data, explores the areas of improvement, and minimizes poor allocation of resources. Misallocation of resources leads to waste of resources that should be used in increasing productivity. In essence, automation helps in increasing relationship with stakeholders such as suppliers, customers, distributors etc. this is an effective strategy in boosting efficiency and increasing competitive advantage (John, 2010). In sum, business processes automation helped us in restructuring labor cost, integrating office applications, and redefining workflow. Simply, businesses needs to pursue strategies that will ensure time is saved, cost is reduced, and efficiency is increased. However, the decision to

Womens Crisis Services of Waterloo Region Organization Essay

Womens Crisis Services of Waterloo Region Organization - Essay Example This paper illustrates that Haven and Anselma were functioning independently up until 2001 when they merged to form the present Women’s Crisis Services of Waterloo Region (WCSWR). This also resulted in the integration of the board of directors and the creation of the post of the executive director who has the responsibility of managing the two facilities. The adoption of a dragonfly as its logo reflects the organizations’ literal shift from violence against women and children. The tagline â€Å"Moving beyond violence† is an enhancement of the message that achievement of equality is determined by human courage and initiative to propagate human values and leave violence against women in the past. Among its services is the residential program that serves women above the age of 16 either with or without children. These women include those who are being abused intimately or experiencing problems in a domestic relationship. The organization also has the outreach and ed ucation services that work closely with the process of transitioning women to independence, and also those seeking assistance from their current abusive situations. The education program functions to provide the community and professionals with the required information on healthy relationships. Therefore, they are guided by the fact that there should be synergistic efforts towards achieving a better world without violence against women with a mission of providing shelter, education and public sensitization to all the abused women and children. Therefore, it has grown to become the subsequent vision that any form of aggression against women and children will not be tolerated by society. The organization’s central contributions lie in the empowerment of women against this vice in the advent of calls for equality among males and females. This organization is also playing a fundamental part in refining the community regarding the costs of domestic violence and the benefits of avo iding it. It is also playing a significant role in creating conflict resolutions and ways to avoid the emergence of these conflicts. In another word, it means that the organization is working on the creation, sustainability and dissemination of peace in homes hence alleviating this problem of violence that is directed by men towards women.

Exposit both Sartre's account of freedom and Kant's. Which of the two Essay

Exposit both Sartre's account of freedom and Kant's. Which of the two is the most cogent (compelling or convincing) or is th - Essay Example Nevertheless, looking at the universal aspects of morality and rationality, Kantian â€Å"freedom† is more cogent to get it and further put in action. First off, the existentialistic ideas proposed by Sartre follow the idea of absurd and determinism. To be precise, Sartre is likely to suggest a free will when he talks on freedom able to override people’s rationality (Palmer 283). In other words, he pinpoints that a man is allowed to do what he/she wants to notwithstanding possible negative outcomes after possessing such a freedom. Obviously, Sartre highlights the concept of freedom in keeping with the best tradition of the existentialism. As opposed to Kant’s interpretation, Sartre underpins the idea of freedom by the idea of values people get thereafter: â€Å"Sartre has radicalized Kant’s view that the source of value is always the human being, and he has prioritized freedom over rationality† (Palmer 292). Henceforth, Sartre does not rely on the o mnipotence and power of reason. Regardless of it, he shows up the pleasure of freedom as if behind the social life. In turn, Kant would oppose this characterization by giving more grounds to freedom which is a result of a man’s rationality. Immanuel Kant worked out his own vision of the moral philosophy when highlighting the need for freedom. However, he suggests lots of arguments to make his vision out. Thereupon, Kant outlines the meaning of autonomy going hand in hand with what he claims to be freedom. Although Sartre is likely to denote the authorship of a man in what he/she does, Kant is driven by giving some contrast to justify morality and freedom. Thus, he points out morality as a contradiction between duty and inclination and freedom as a controversy between autonomy and heteronomy (Sandel 117). The latter is an opposition to being autonomous, as might be seen. In this vein, Kantian philosophy states that freedom and justice go hand in hand. That is, a person subject to the law is one to accept freedom in its core values. Ostensibly, such evaluation of freedom goes apart with Sartre’s understanding thereof. In fact, Kant’s philosophic treatment of people’s actions can be simply narrowed down to his well-known categorical imperative which is all about mutuality in actions people commit toward one another. Kant’s claims are possible through his close attention to living within the society and complying with the rules and norms of social life. His moral position touches upon the â€Å"intelligible† realm when he remarks: â€Å"†¦we transfer ourselves into the intelligible world as members and recognize the autonomy of the will together with its consequence - morality† (Sandel 128). Membership comes first as a prerequisite of sharing similar ideals and values between individuals. Societal constraints like the law and its execution serve to strike a balance within the society leading toward freedom. In the European tradition, it is all about the democracy as a weighed sum of people’s wants and needs so that to make all of them free and autonomous as well. When Sartre is quite straight-forward paying much attention to the freedom of action despite of the legal limits shared within the society, Kant just traces back to the basic rules of a civilized social life so that to construct the most applicable and unrepugnant concept of freedom. The difference is that Kant is more obliged to the norms of the society seeing a human being as a biosocial creature equally dependant on the natural

Business growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business growth - Essay Example Businesses that grow are often seen in the technology industries† (par. 1). In terms of measuring business growth in the United States therefore, one needs to gather and evaluate pertinent data that indicates the performance of businesses that is indicative of growth over the period under review. In the Econographia (2012) site, the historical record of the country’s economic performance is effectively captured and visually presented using graphical illustrations. One of the most relevant indicators of business growth that was disclosed was the ability to create jobs, specifically in the private sector. As revealed, from the post-war period until the tenure of President Obama, the creation of private sector jobs have been illustrated to exhibit a declining trend, except during the periods where governance was headed by Dwight David â€Å"Ike† Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States, and both George H.W. Bush (41st President) and George W. Bush (43rd Presid ent), which signified the lowest trends, as shown in Figure 1, below. Obama’s tenure manifested the fourth lowest number of private sector jobs created. ... However, as emphasized by Kiely & Farley (2012), â€Å"by using private-sector jobs, the president makes his job-creation record look better. The U.S. has gained about 55,000 private-sector jobs since Obama became president in January 2009, but overall there has been a total job loss of 552,000 — all because of the decline in government jobs† (p. 1). Seeing the political climate through the eyes of the American Institute of Economic Research (AIER), Steven Cunningham, the Director of Research and Education has indicated through his economic review that there is an eminent recovery that could spur optimistic potentials for business growth. As disclosed, the business cycle conditions that are being monitored by the AIER have captured rising business growth indicators which confirms supposed continuing expansion (Cunningham, 2012). A copy of the statistical indicators of business cycle changes for the period February to June 2012 are presented in Annex A. From the statisti cal indicators, it was revealed that positive changes were noted for the following primary leading indicators for the cyclical status April to June of 2012, to wit: (1) new orders for consumer goods; (2) new housing permits; (3) index of common stock prices; and (4) change in consumer debt. For primary roughly coincident indicators, the following were optimistic and expanding changes: (1) non-agricultural employment; (2) index of industrial production; (3) personal income less transfer payments; (4) manufacturing and trade sales; and (5) gross domestic product. Finally, for primary lagging indicators, the following exhibited expanding status: (1) manufacturing and trade inventories; (2) commercial and industrial loans; (3) ratio of consumer debt to income; and (4)

Toyota International Corporation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Toyota International Corporation - Research Paper Example The reason behind their success is the deployment of strategic planning throughout the years since 1937. They focus on a more efficient human resource by understanding the individuals who possess several unique capabilities. Toyota is head quartered in Japan and operates 75 manufacturing companies in 28 countries around the world (Toyota in the world, 2010). Toyota has set up its market in more than 170 countries with a 320,000-strong workforce. The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda by renovating his father automobile manufacturing company Toyota Industries. The company operates its business at its full swing starting from Japan and throughout North America, The Caribbean, Latin America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. The annual report of the company shows that even though there is a slight decrease in the production, the company will manage to survive the declining economy with the expected sales turnover. 2. Types of market and legal systems Toyota formulates marketing str ategies based on the social, environmental, and economical conditions of each region where the company operates its business. The legal system of the particular country or region is also taken into consideration before implementing marketing policies in the specific country. In 2004, as Gale (n.d.) points out, Toyota in Europe was in a quandary as new environmental friendly vehicles were in high demand when the administration implemented environmental regulations; it was necessary to train the staff with the new technologies of the advanced vehicles. The company integrated the three important elements – marketing, sales, and manufacturing to overcome the problem in Europe. The marketing strategies in China and US were seen successful in 2005 when profits rose up against the worldwide automobile industry trends. When entering into the market of another country, almost all companies are faced with the financial risk of exchange rate variances due to interference of the legal an d political systems. The legal proceeding of the foreign markets must be clearly analyzed before investing in that market. Toyota is noted well for its management in the international markets. The company procured a considerable market in the United States by initially bringing inexpensive vehicles. Later on, it widened the markets and expanded its share in the U.S. automobile market. To overcome the market issue of dollar exchange rates, Toyota introduced manufacturing facilities in the United States. 3. Political Risk One of the major political risks that the Toyota motors faced was the backlash against American corporations. It imposes increased parameters on different production levels and on nationalization of its products. This change can influence the operations of the company. The political changes can positively and negatively affect the firm. By the end of 2006, Toyota manufactured 1.5 million cars in North America, but had to import an additional 1.2 million cars (Toyota) . While being costly, the high reliance on imports poses political risks in the United States. Managing political risk in the international market is not an easy task. While the political changes contribute direct risks to the firm, the politics also constitutes other external risks. In order to overcome these kinds of possible political risks, Toyota can set up strong relations with various trade organizations. At the same time, the political consultant must make sure that the firm builds up a strong relationship with the governments also. In

Organizing Work Essay Example for Free

Organizing Work Essay McDonalds Corporation It has become clear to upper management that the way McDonald’s has been operating over the past decade is not helping in moving the company forward. Upper management feels that the company is falling behind, and changes must be made immediately. The changes need to start with how the organization is structured. Once proper changes in structure are made, it is believed that McDonald’s will then be able to implement plans that will lead McDonalds into a successful future. The purpose of this paper is to make recommendations as to what changes in organizational structure would help McDonalds become more sufficient. Along with changes in structure the paper will also determine what work needs to be done, how it is to be done, and the approach that should be used to bring success back into the organization. Recommendations There have recently been talks between upper management about making necessary structural changes to the McDonald’s organization here in the U.S. The first recommended change is eliminating levels of management. Numbers of the past have shown that the old traditional way of communication and barriers of so many levels of management had become a barrier to decision making (Jennings, Maze, 2014). The team agrees with this change and believes that the change should be implemented as soon as possible. The basis for this change is that it will help in bring the company closer to the customers. With so many layers of management it seems as if there is more time being spent arguing and talking to each other, rather than talking to the customer and making decisions. McDonald’s marketing has shown that they need to adapt to the current customer’s needs of what they want. McDonald’s  president has worked for McDonalds for the last ten years, and he has seen numbers drop drastically which means, it is time for change (Jennings, Maze, 2014). Essentially it is safe to say that McDonalds is losing its relationship with its customers. Another huge change that McDonalds has been thinking about is changing the number of divisions here in North America from three to four. It is believed that grouping the regions into four divisions, as well as eliminating some levels of management will allow for regional leaders to have more autonomy, and will allow leaders to set a menu based on the restaurants geographic location. According to the McDonald’s website, Jennings, Maze, (2014), â€Å"The changes are highlighted by the elimination of layers of management, giving leaders of its 22 U.S. regions more autonomy in setting the menus and making marketing decisions.† These changes will also allow McDonald’s leaders to restructure the menu to be more diverse to any one’s eating habit. They will be allowed to market more things on the menu than just burgers and fries. Change is good, and they are excited to embrace it. How to do Work Effectively Every organization has its’ own structure to follow. McDonald’s current structure is failing when it comes to the customers’ wants. This is why upper management has been talking about restructuring the design by dividing McDonald USA into four divisions. These divisions would include, Northeast, South, Central and West (Jargon, 2014). Each region would have a president in charge. Under each president there should be different types of managers who know the culture of each region. This will allow for the company to deliver the right product to the customers. They also need to remove some of the managerial levels because having too many managers’ results in decisions not being made. Eventually leading to a lack of growth in the business. McDonald needs to adapt according to the changes that are taking place in the world such as; the economy, competitors and technology. They need to have basic meals that fit all regions; in addition to that, they need to create new products to fit with the culture of each region. Sweet tea is a good example of a product that fits in with the culture in the south. Therefore it would be good for McDonalds restaurants in the south to  promote sweet tea. However, sweet tea is not very popular in the Northeast so it would be pointless to spend money promoting a product that no one is interested in. This is where the president of the region would need to find another product to promote. One that will fit the culture, and interest of the people in the Northeast. This means that management in each region needs to focus on research and development in order to make the right decision. In addition, technology is really important nowadays that is why McDonald needs to work with Apple to create an account in Apple Pay. Customers can pay quickly and order their food ahead of time. This will satisfy their customers because most of them do not have the time to wait to pick up their meal. It will take both an individual and team effort for McDonalds to complete the work. Upper level managers will need to work individually to make the right decisions. For instance, upper level manager should study the region and try to figure out how they can enhance the product or create a new product to fit the culture. Lower level employees need to work in teams so they can satisfy the customers. For example, the worker operating the grill cooks the meat and when it is done he or she passes it to another worker to make the sandwich according to the customers preference. Each team member is important because if they are not motivated to do their work the whole team will fail to deliver the product to the customer. It is very important that there is manager in each branch to motivate and coach the employees. Managers must be able to fill the role of an employee if the branch was crowded and direct them to do the right job. The manager should focus on increasing the sales by satisfying the customers. Best Approach McDonald’s Corporation needs to embrace that changes that are set to take place. Upper management will need to stick by their decisions, and have faith in their management. This means allowing the presidents in each of the four new divisions to take full control of operations within their regions. The division’s presidents must look to regional managers for input on necessary changes. It is up to them to find out what the customers want, and what the customers want is what they should get. Ideally McDonalds is looking to do two things when making these structural changes. The first is to keep the same basic product menu in every region, but allow for different  regions to add certain products that cater to the customers in that region. Second is to allow for decisions to be made more efficiently and effectively. Conclusion The planning for these changes has already begun and sometime in the immediate future the changes will be implemented. These are good changes and the team feels that they will eventually make a significant difference in the overall success of McDonalds Corporation. It is going to take time, but we feel these changes will lead us into the future on the right path. References Jennings, Maze,, L.J. (2014). McDonald’s Reorganizes US into Four Regional Divisions. Retrieved from http://nrn.com/mcdonalds/mcdonald-s-reorganizes-us-four-regional-divisions Jargon, Julie, (2014). McDonalds Plan to Change U.S. Structure. Rettrieved from http://online.wsj.com/articles/mcdonalds-to-change-u-s-structure-1414695278

Business Law of Agency

Business Law of Agency Purpose:  People credited with this unit standard are able to: define agency; apply the law relating to creation and termination of agency; apply the law relating to authority of agents; apply the law as to the rights of third parties; and apply the law relating to the duties of a principal and an agent to each other, and the remedies for breach of duty. Task:   1 (A) a)Universal agency: In the case of universal agency the agent who deals with the third customer have the full authority and unrestricted authorities to act as like the principal. Because principal given that rights to the agent to do so. So in this case agent will see the business of Susan which is in overseas. (USLegal, NA) b) General agency:  General agency is bit similar to the universal agency in which agent take care of the principal property and look after and he have that much which principal could by himself. They can even get cash payments first instead of principal. In this case shop will cut the 30% of the total money in which they sell the silver. (GENERAL AGENT, NA) Task 2 The main legal question is: Was an agency relationship created between   Tim and   Gray? The facts of the case: Principal is Tim.   Agent is Gray. Third party is the car owner. Tim who is an accountant loved old fashioned cars and he is keen to buy one. Tim tells to grey to visit a car show. In a car auction of Mercedes Benz. Grey offers $25000 for the car. Thats how Tim makes deal with Grey and Owner. Grey knew that Time would love to buy this. The issue (s) is: Are there ways of creating an agency relationship satisfied?   Yes.   There are five ways of creating an agency relationship. Express appointment appointed orally or in writing the agent has express (or actual) authority. Ratification an agent acts without authority but the principal later ratifies (approves) the contract. Necessity operation of law in an emergency. Apparent agency (also called estoppel or ostensible agency Presumption (also called implied agency) Decision and the reasons. Example: Yes an agency relationship was created between Tim and Gray.   There are several ways of creating an agency relatlonship.   In this case the relationship was created by ratification when Tim ratified the deal. The main legal question Was the agency relationship between Michael and Livy terminated? The facts of the case: Principal is Michael.   Agent is Livy.   Third party is the tenant. Michael has a house that was for lease.   His agent was Livey.   Michael made an offer for the renewal of the lease through Livy, his agent.   The tenant was given three months to accept the terms..   One week after making an offer Michael died.   After this the tenant signed the agreement, not knowing that Michael had died. The issue (s) : Are there ways of terminating an agency relationship? Yes.   Agency relationship can be terminated by both parties or by operation of law Decision and the reasons . The agency was terminated by operation of law.   The law states that the agency relationship ends with the death of either party.   The death of Principal Michael terminated the agency relationship.   Since the third party (tenant) signed the contract after the death of the Principal (Michael) through the(   Agent ) Livy,   the contract between Michael and the tenant is void since Livy   was no longer Michaels agent at the time of contract acceptance by the tenant. Task 3   Ã‚  Ã‚   3.1  Ã‚   Barlams has a binding contract with Eastexpo for the sale and  Ã‚   purchase of 800 sheepskins. The main legal question is: Who is bound in a contract with third party agent or the principal? The facts of the case: In this scenario : Principal: Kong, Agent: Wang and third party: Barlams The fact of this case is that Kong hired a agent for his company to buy sheepskins from other companies. But they make a clause in the agreement that Wang can order only 500 sheepskins. He cannot order more than 500 without the permission of Kong. But here Wang visit Barlams and he founds the sheepskin quality is good so he order 800 of sheepskin with taking permission from Kong. The issue (s) are: According to the contract with Kong.   Wang is not allowed to ordered more than 500 sheepskins. Decision and the reasons Yes, Eastexpo can cancel the order of 800 sheepskins as they are not bound with any contract with Barlams. Their agent breaches the condition by ordering more that 800 sheepskins while he was not allowed to do that. Wang is liable as a result of his actions to either Barlam or Eastexpo. The main legal question is : Is any contract of   Barlam with Eastexpo? The facts of the case: Principal is Eastexpo. Agent is Wang. Third party is Barlams.The fact of this case is Wang order 800 sheepskins while he was not allowed to order more than 500 without permission but he did it without getting any permission from Kong. The issue (s) are: The issue is when he was in contract with Eastexpo that he cannot give order of more than 500 sheepskins then why he orders more than that to Barlams. Decision and the   reasons Yes, Wang is liable for all of this. Because he is in a contract with Eastexpo and the contract says that he can give order 500 of sheepskins but he cannot give order more than that.   So its clear that Wang is liable and he have to pay for this. Task 4   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4.1  Ã‚   The main legal question is Is Reno has the rights to sue unnamed Principal? The facts of the case: Principal is unnamed. Park is Agent. Reno is third Party. The fact of this case is that Reno wants a swimming pool at the back of her house. So she called Park and make a contract with him to make a swimming pool in a period of one month but she pay him $10,000 00 as an initial amount. There was also a clause in the contract which says if he fails to complete the swimming pool in one month then he have to refund the initial amount. The issue (s) are: The main issue is that as per contract the swimming pool should be complete in 1 month but he fails to do so. Now he has to refund the initial amount. But after 2 month Reno get to know that he was just an agent of Brilliant constructions. But he should tell this thing before making the contract. Decision and the reasons No. Reno cannot sue the unnamed principal because there is nothing about that unnamed principal in the contract. But she can definitely sue the Park   and get her money back as she makes a contract with him. 4.2    Tanya sues James for not disclosing his relationship with Michael Hill Co. The main legal question Is Tanya able to sue Michel hill and James for did not disclosing the relation between them. The facts of the case: The fact of this case is Michael hill co was Principal, James was an agent and Tanya was a third party who wants to sell her diamond. James was hired by Michael hill to buy a 9 cut diamond on a joint account for them on a certain price. James told Tanya that he will give her the diamond but she needs to wait for the sometime. James cancel the transaction with Tanya and Michael offers the diamond on lower cost. The issue (s) are: James tried to sell the diamond on higher price to Tanya instead of Michael hill. But first he made a false promise to Michael hill that he will give a diamond on a certain price. Decision and the reasons   : No, Tanya cannot sue the Michael hill and James. Because it is not necessary to disclose the information of Principals agent. 4.3 The main legal question is Was Noreen authorized to deposited the half of the money in charities account without let them know? The facts of the case: Principal was Alan and Noreen was agent. The fact of this case is Alan is rugby a team who play rugby games through their talent and all the fees which they get paid; Noreen transferred this whole amount into Alans account. Once they got NZ $50,000 from one of their major games and Noreen deposited only half of the amount into Alans account and rest of the money they give to the charity. Which Alan used to support while before. The issue (s) are: The issue is that Noreen donates the half of the amount without the permission of Alan. But she should ask them first. Whether they like to donate or not. Because they used to support the charity a while long before. Decision and the reasons Yes, the action taken by the Noreen will be considered as unauthorized.   Because without letting them know she   donated the money. Task 5 5.1 1) The fact of this case is John was the Principal, Cathy was the agent and third party was Edwin. John hired Cathy as an agent to sell his boat because he is going overseas and he tell her that he wants to sell this as soon as possible with a minimum cost of $150,000.   After this Cathy post an add to sell the boat. She got 20 buyer but she decided to talk only 5. Then she got one of the buyer who offered her 140,000 for the boat and 10,000 for her if she accept the offer. 2) The duties which Cathy breached are they she didnt answered all of the calls. She answered only 5 calls. She should talk all of them. May shell get someone who can give her more than 150,000 and she also make a 10,000 commission by accepting the Edwins offer of 140,000. 3) John can cancel the contract with Cathy. Because he already told her the minimum amount of $150,000 and he can earn that commission profit by selling that boat himself. 5.2 The main legal question Is there any violation of the law happened by the Principal. The facts of the case: The fact of this case John was the Principal, Bryan was agent and Linda was third parties. John hired Bryan to sell an article through auction. Bryan sell the article to the Linda through auction and after some time she found that the original article had been stolen and Greg who was the real owner will be able to sue the Bryan because he sell the stolen article to Linda. The issue (s) are: The main concern is john appoints the Bryan to sell the stolen article but that time Bryan was not aware with that. But when Greg sued Bryan then he gets to know that article was stolen. But now he can able to recover the money from John. Decision and the reasons Yes, we can say that there was violation of the duties by the John. Because the article was stolen. So its illegal to sell someones article. 5.3 Assume that Jurgen is not liable to supply WDR. Explain what remedy WDR has, if any. The main legal question What remedy WDR has if Jorgen fails to supply? The facts of the case: In this case principal was Jurgen, Richard was agent and third party was WDR. Jorgen used to make chocolate and used to sell these in Adelaide local market. But after some time he appoint a agent in Sydney to sell their chocolates in Sydney local market. Richard was his agent he starts to sell their chocolates in Sydney. Richard is succeeding to arrange wine and dine stores to sell chocolates to them. But in the month of march Jorgen get some stretch in resources for the manufacturing of chocolate so he tell his agent not to accept any large order for next 3 months. The issue (s) are: The issue is that Jorgen already told to Richard not to accept any big order from any customer. But still Richard accepts big orders from WDR and from one of his new customer with same big amount.   Richard also gets a plasma TV from WDR for the promoted delivery. Decision and the reasons No, Jorgen will not be liable to supply the orders to WDR and new Customers. Richard will be liable for that. Because he takes order by himself while he knew that Jorgen told him not to accept any big orders for next 3 month. In this case WDR can sue Richard and claim all of their loss from Richard. WDR can sue Richard for not delivering the chocolates. Able to claim all their loss from Richard Can terminate the contract. Assume that Jurgen is liable to supply WDR. Explain what remedy Jurgen has, if any. The main legal question is What remedy Jorgen has if he liable to supply. The facts of the case: In this case principal was Jorgen, Richard was agent and third party was WDR. Jorgen used to make chocolate and used to sell these in Adelaide local market. But after some time he appoint a agent in Sydney to sell their chocolates in Sydney local market. Richard was his agent he starts to sell their chocolates in Sydney. Richard is succeeding to arrange wine and dine stores to sell chocolates to them. But in the month of march Jorgen get some stretch in resources for the manufacturing of chocolate so he tell his agent not to accept any large order for next 3 months. The issue (s) are: The issue is that Jorgen already told to Richard not to accept any big order from any customer. But still Richard accepts big orders from WDR and from one of his new customer with same big amount.   Richard also gets a plasma TV from WDR for the promoted delivery. Decision and the reasons Okay, Yes If Jorgen will be liable for the supply of chocolates to WDR. Then remedies which he will get is like he can claim for that Plasma TV which Richard gets from WDR also he can cancel the contract with Richard and also he can say no to Richard for his commission. Because Richard should not accept the order after gets written letter from Jorgen. 5.4  Ã‚   Discuss the remedies for breach of agents duties are applied to a given fact situation. Justify your answer. (E5-PC 5.4) Facts The office manager tells his secretary that she can buy a television for the office lunch room but she must not go over $500. The secretary buys a microwave for $750, telling the store it is for her work and to invoice them. When the invoice comes the office manager refuses to pay. What rights does the store have? The main legal question is Remedies after breaching the agents duties. The facts of the case: In this case Principal was Manager, Secretary was the agent and third party was store. The case is that Manager told secretary to buy a television for the lunch room. But it should not be more than $500. But instead of television secretary buys a microwave for $750 and she ask for the invoice to the store as for her work. The issue (s) are: The issue is that secretary breach the order of his manager and also the amount which she told to spend minimum. She buy a microwave instead of TV. When manager gets to know she refuses to pay her. Decision and the reasons The remedies should be like that: She has to pay for this by herself or if she refuse to pay then her Manager may deduct this from her salary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   References Contractual Remedies Act 1979. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1979/0011/latest/DLM366.html Declaratory relief law and legal definition. (2001-2016). Retrieved from http://definitions.uslegal.com/d/declaratory-relief/ Chron. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.smallbusiness.choron.com InvestorWords. (2016). Retrieved from http:/investorwords.com your dictionary. (1996-2016). Retrieved from http://www.yourdictionary.com

Types Of Business Activities And Business Organizations Commerce Essay

Types Of Business Activities And Business Organizations Commerce Essay Sole Trader-ship is the most primitive form of business organization. A business organization owned and managed by only one person, having full share of profit and responsible for all the losses of the organization is called sole trader-ship. Due to some of sole trader-ship the limitations including limited capital, limited scope of business and short-life a need for a new organization was felt. Thus a new business organization evolved that is known as partnership. In a partnership two or more persons pool together their resources to form the partnership business. The partnership combined financial resources, mental resources, and experience of partner for the success of the business enterprise. The rules and regulation that governs the partnership business is called partnership contract. The contract is the bye-laws of business and specifies the nature of the business, partners capital, profit and loss ratios and various terms and conditions relating to the business. Limited financial resources, unlimited liability and limited life of the partnership are cited as the peculiar demerits of the partnership, hence a need have been felt for a new organization that do not have the abovementioned demerits. A new type of business evolved after the industrial revolution called Joint Stock Company (Corporation in USA). A joint stock company is a business organization that is an artificial person, having perpetual existence and common seal with transferable shares, and separation of management from shareholders. This type of business tries to eliminate the demerits associated with sole-trader-ship and partnership (limited capital, limited life, and unlimited liability) plus it provides professional management of the company affairs through separation of ownership and management. The owner of the enterprise selects Board of Director amongst itself that chalk out broad-range policies concerning the business enterprise. The day-to-day affairs of the business a re run by professional who have expertise in their related field. Types of Business and Strategic Objectives: The objectives of the business depend on whether the business is owned by private investors or by the government. A private business is a business owned, managed and control by private investor(s. It may take any form including sole trader-ship, partnership or Joint Stock Company. On the other hand public enterprise also known as state-owned enterprise is owned, managed and run by government through its representative. If the business owned by private investors some of the possible objectives may be: To achieve a stated goal in terms of profit To achieve a stated goal in terms of sales To achieve a stated goal in terms of Return on Investment (ROI) To be a leader in a category To achieve a stated percentage of Earning Per Share (EPS) To be an environment friendly organization To be socially admirable organization To be a producer of quality products and/or services On the other hand if the business is owned by government (state owned enterprise) some of the possible objectives of the enterprise may be: To provide high quality services (e.g. health, education, communication etc) to the masses on equality bases To provide quality products and/or services to the masses at a lower cost as compared to private sector To reduce the disparity between the masses by reducing the income/status gape To provide access to quality product and/or services to all the masses irrespective of income, status, religion, geographic territory etc. Financial Activities and Organizational Structure: According to Vanhorn and Wachowics (2001) financial management is concerned with acquisition, financing and management of assets with some overall goal in mind. The overall goal is usually to increase the wealth of present and prospective shareholders. Organizational structure is an arrangement of organization activities that portray the various relationships amongst the organizational member. The organizational structure depicts who is the boss and who is the subordinate. Usually organizational structure are build on pyramid type, as depicted in Figure 1.3. Figure 1.3. Organizational Structure Macro (External) Environmental Factors: The macro environment consists of uncontrollable forces that directly or indirectly influence an organizations ability to achieve a desired result. In the word of Kotler and Armstrong (2003) marketing environment consists of the actors and forces outside marketing that affect marketing managements ability to build and maintain successful relationships with target customers. These influences create both opportunities and threats for a manager. A prudent manager is supposed to capitalize the opportunity provided by the macro environment and decrease potential bad impact of a threat that may hinder the organization performance. The macro environmental factors include economic factors, demographic factors, social and cultural factors, technological factors, and legal and political factors. An organization management is supposed to constantly monitor and evaluate these factors, and capitalize the opportunity if any. Organization that failed to take action in response to change in the environmental factors will not be able to succeed and hence to achieve its mission. Section 2 Investigating Business Resources. 2.1. Human Resource Management: Organization resources can be grouped into four categories including Financial, Information, Physical and Human Resources. According Braton (2005) Human Resources Management is the the direction of organizational systems to ensure effective and efficient use of human talent to accomplish organizational goals. The human resources of the organization are the most crucial assets of the organization. In fact one can argue that the factor responsible for success and failure in most of the cases is HR, but unfortunately it cannot be portrayed on Balance sheet as an Asset because it is priceless. 2.2. Purpose of Business and Technological Resources: Resources such as air, water, gas, oil, forests, paper, iron, core etc is known as physical resources, while technological resources includes, computer, plants, machinery etc. Organization needs to ensure that best utilizations of these scarce resources, by showing quality, efficiency, and waste management issues are addressed to improve performance and reduce costs. The management of these resources involved obtaining the desired materials, supplies, equipment, premises and energy and using them in the most efficient way to decrease operational cost and to attain the organizational objectives. 2.3. Access source of finances: In order to start a business or boost the established business through injection of new funds there are various sources of finances that an entrepreneur can access. The various options include banks that provide short, medium and long term finances to business enterprise. On the other hand there are also various developmental institutions that provide grants to boost a business in a particular sector, for example industry, trade, exports, agriculture, etc. Another possible option to get the fund is from venture capital provider, who usually charge slightly higher rate than the market. 2.4. Interpret financial statement: Financial statement is interpreted using ratio analysis. Financial ratio provides an insight about the firms performance. The organization can compare its financial results with its previous year results or they can compare the results with another player of the same industry. Financial ratios quantify many aspects of an organization including sales, profitability, creditworthiness, liquidity, usage of assets, and are an integral part of financial statement analysis. Thus ratios of a company in different industries provide an insight regarding a firms risk, capital requirements, and the nature of competition. Section 3. Introduction to marketing: 3.1. Key concept and principle of marketing: According to Kotler and Armstrong marketing is the process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. So we can say that the task of marketing is satisfy consumer needs and wants while achieving organization goals. A need is basic such as need for food, shelter, safety etc. when these needs are shaped by individual preferences and culture it becomes wants. The task of marketer is thus to identify a consumer need, translate that in wants, and designed the offering that have the capability to satisfy such needs and wants. When organization deliver the product and/or service to its customer, customer get a product and/or service, that have the ability to satisfy a consumer need and want while organization get money in exchange. 3.2. How and Why Marketing Research is conducted by Organizations: In achieving the organization mission and carrying out their marketing responsibilities, managers need a great deal of informations to make inform decision keeping in view the customer needs and wants. Marketing research provide manager insight regarding customer taste and preferences, product pricing, place and promotion strategy, competitors products, etc and help manager make better marketing decisions. Thus marketing manager increase his chances of success in the market by using up-to-date information while designing the marketing mix for the company offerings. Marketing research involves collecting information relevant to a specific marketing problem facing the organization through research by defining problem and coming up with the research objectives, preparing the research plan, and then implementing and interpreting the findings through research report for actions to marketing manager. 3.3. Kinds of Marketing Information used by Organization: According to OBrien and Marakas (2004), an information system can be any organized combination of people, hardware, software, communications, networks, and data resources that stores and retrieves, transform, and disseminates information in an organization. A company can use two types of marketing information based on the position of the end-users and type of use: the MIS for the managers and MIS for operational sales and marketing activities. The users of Marketing Information system and decision-making systems are primarily senior executives, Heads of SBUs and Manager Marketing, and analyst. Usually experts use raw data collected from various sources and refine them to be presented to marketing department. 3.4. How Marketing Increase Demand. The marketing concept is a process by which marketers identify consumer needs and wants and then provide products that satisfy these needs and wants, in a process of achieving organizational objectives. A product created and delivers based on the marketing concept benefit customer when it satisfies his need or want. When one have the ability, desire and authority to purchase certain product it is called demand. Marketer creates demand for his offering by providing to its target markets four types of utility known as form utility, place utility, form utility and possession utility. Section 4: Effective People communication and information: 4.1. Important of employing suitable people: For effective communication in an organization it is vital to employee suitable people across the organization. The communication within and outside the organization will have impact only when the receiver (one who receives and interpret the message) pursue exactly what the sender (a person who transmit and idea or message) mans. This depends a lot on the people inside the organization. If people inside the organization are talented and have mature personality they will interpret the message by using their professional skills acquired through various training and development. If the case is opposite, the organization will be facing difficulties in every wake of life. Communication skills of an employee also add goodwill for the employee as well as the organization. 4.2. Communication using appropriate method: The appropriate method of communication is first to determined the purpose of communication. The manager can determine that by answering: Why is the communication required? After defining the purpose of the communication the manager then need to identify the target audience, as the construction of message will depends a lot on the audience. He is supposed to ascertain some background information regarding the receiver of the message including position, educational level, experience etc. The communicator is then required to develop his message in a very clear, coherent, correct, concise and logical manner by maintain positive attitude that is reflected in choice of words. 4.3. Different type of information and how it can be process: Communication can occur through different processes and methods and can also be classified on the channel used and the style of communication. On the basis of channels communication can be divided into verbal communication (communication in written or oral form) and non-verbal (communication through body language, expressions, visuals etc.) On the basis of style communication can formal and informal. Formal communication occurs when in formal organization settings including communication between a superior and subordinate or organization and taxing authorities etc. On the other hand informal communication is free and unrestricted communication between employees who share casual relation with one another. An example of this is communication between pears. 4.4. Presenting Information Effectively: Effective information contains 7 characteristics that are known as 7 Cs of effective communication. This 7 Cs are Credibility, Courtesy, Clarity, Conciseness, Correctness, Coherent, and Consideration. Credibility of information means that the information present should be trustworthy. Courtesy means that the presenter of information should starts and end on courteous note. Clarity is important regardless of the content of the message. A message is clear when it contains information that is easily interpreted. A message should also be correct when it is 100% error and accurate and facts and figures are backed through documented evidence. The presented message need also be consistent, meaning stable and have no ups and down. Concreteness of message is present when the message is not vague and abstract but rather a solid statement that is used to reinforce the confidence. Conciseness of the message means providing to the point information to the target that saves time for both sender an d receiver. Section 5: Introduction to Accounting: 5.1. Purpose of accounting and categorization of business income and expenditure: Accounting is said to be the language of business. According Horngren and Harrison (2001), accounting is the system that measures business activities, processes that information into reports, and communicates these findings to decision makers. An organization income can be classified into Gross Income (the residual of total revenue minus cost of goods sold or direct expense), Operating Income (Gross Income minus Operating Expense), Income before taxes (Operating Income minus interest expenses) Income After Taxes (Income before taxes minus corporate taxes, if any). On the other hand expenses can be categorized on the basis of Cost of goods sold (material, labor and overhead expenses in case of manufacturing, and purchase price plus direct expenses in case of merchandizing business), operating expense (include marketing, sales and administration expense). 5.2. Preparing a cash flow forecasts: Cash flow forecast is the amount of money that organization expects that will come-in (Inflow of cash) and goes-out (outflow of cash). The inflow of cash includes sources such as cash sales, collection from customer, bank loan, and proceeds of stocks issued, or through sales of fixed assets. On the other hand cash outflows include all the disbursement to suppliers, payment of staff salaries and benefits, repayment of loan and/or capital, payment of expenses like rent, rates, taxes, capital expenditure for the acquisition of new assets, and interest payment by an organization. The total net cash flow is the difference between the total cash Inflow and total cash outflow for a particular period of time. The forecasting of cash flow includes tabulating all the major cash inflows, for example, cash sales, receipts from customer, loans etc and then analyzing the timing of expected payments in the form of salaries, material, capital expenditure etc. To this amount the current period net ca sh flow is added (if positive) while the desired started cash flow for the upcoming year is then subtracted. If the organization has left with negative figure then it arranges a loan accordingly. 5.3. Profit and loss account and balance sheet: The profit and loss account also known as Income statement portrays the results of business for particular period of time usually a year. It can be called a moving picture of the business stating the total revenue earned by the organization and total expenses incurred on earning the revenue, and the end result whether profit have been earned or losses have been sustained. On the other hand Balance Sheet depicts financial position of a business organization on a particular date usually at the end of year. Balance Sheet is like a snapshot of the organization that portrays the Assets it organization and liabilities and owners equity of the organization. 5.4. Review business performance using simple ratio analyze: In order to evaluate an organization performance one can use ratio analysis for interpreting the results and then comparing that with its own past results or with that of industry player. The most commonly used ratio includes liquidity ratios, that measure the business liquidity whether the firm will be able to pay its short term debts when it comes due or not. Profitability ratios measure firms profitability with respect to sales, equity, assets, long term assets etc. Coverage ratios measure whether firm will be able to pay its fixed charges from the profit or not. Activity ratios measure various activities of the organization including inventory, receivables, payables, etc.